Study design and risk factors for sexually transmitted shigella in men who have sex with men (MSM)
| Study | Publication year | Sample size, patient demographics | Study design | Population (MSM/mixed) | Risk factor(s) with sexually transmitted shigella |
| Kuhn et al (Denmark)14 | 2021 | n=64 Median age=40 | Case–control study | MSM versus non-MSM case control | MSM with shigella more likely to reside in capital region=p<0.0001 |
| Eikmeier et al (USA)15 | 2020 | 691 cases of shigella of which 194 were in non-travel-associated men | Cross-sectional study | Mixed population with 217 men | 217 men with shigella, 65 (30%) were living with HIV and 36 (17%) had a recent bacterial STI. 42 (19%) had drug-resistant (decreased susceptibility to azithromycin (DSA)) shigella men with DSA-shigella higher risk of: chlamydia (OR=8.3, 95% CI 3.2 to 21.1), gonorrhoea (OR=5.2, 95% CI 2.0 to 13.4), syphilis (OR=11.7 95% CI 2.2 to 62.6), HIV (OR=5.0, 95% CI 2.4 to 10.1), any bacterial STI (OR=9.0, 95% CI 4.1 to 20.0), multiple bacterial STIs (OR=9.3, 95% CI 2.9 to 29.4). |
| Serafino Wani et al (England)13 | 2016 | Living with HIV Previous history of syphilis | Case report | MSM | Living with HIV. Recent hepatitis C infection. |
| Gilbart et al (England and Wales)17 | 2015 | n=34/42 MSM with shigella interviewed Median age: 38 years Living with HIV: 20 (29%) | Qualitative | MSM | Themes generated: MSM living with HIV. MSM living in urban/capital regions. MSM using social media and geospatial sexual networking applications facilitating condom less sex. MSM engaging in chemsex (mephedrone, crystal methamphetamine, γ-butyrolactone and γ-hydroxybutyrate and phospho-diesterase-5 inhibitors) and injecting drug use. MSM attending sex parties and group sex sessions. Sexual behaviours: insertive fisting, receptive fisting and coprophilia. Seroadaptive preferences/behaviour. |
| Marcus et al (Germany)18 | 2004 | n=17/29 questionnaires analysed Mean age: 32.7 years | Case series | MSM | Oral-anal contact with sex partners. |
| Wu et al (Taiwan)19 | 2015 | n=79 All subjects living with HIV | Case–control study | MSM | Oral-anal sex (aOR=15.5, 95% CI 3.6 to 66.7). Chemsex (aOR=5.6, 95% CI 1.4 to 227). Poppers (aOR=10.9, 95% CI 1.9 to 64.2). HIV viral load >100 000 copies/mL (aOR=4.9, 95% CI 1.4 to 16.9). Past gonorrhoea (aOR 29.4, 95% CI 2.3 to 340.2). Recent syphilis (aOR=4.3, 95% CI 1.6 to 11.6). Past syphilis (aOR=3.3, 95% CI 1.5 to 7.0). |
| Aragón et al (USA)3 | 2007 | n=76 Mean age (of cases): 37.4 years | Case–control study | Mixed population with 48 MSM | Living with HIV (OR=8.17, 95% CI 2.71 to 24.6) oral-anal contact (OR=7.5, 95% CI 1.74 to 32.3). |
| Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (USA)20 | 2001 | n=62/67 MSM with shigella, Median age: 39 years 35 living with HIV | Cross-sectional study | MSM | Oral-anal contact. Multiple sexual partners. |
| O’Sullivan et al (Australia)21 | 2002 | n=42 Median age: 38 years Living with HIV: 22 (52%) | Cross-sectional study | MSM | Living with HIV. Casual sex partners in the last 3 months. Visiting a sex venue in the last 2 weeks. Oral-anal contact in the last 2 weeks. Not always washing hands after sex in the last 2 weeks. |
| Zayet et al (France)22 | 2021 | n=3 Mean age: 32 years PrEP users: 2 | Case series | MSM | Multiple sexual contacts. History of STIs. Condomless anal and oral sex. PrEP use. |
| Morgan et al (England)23 | 2006 | n=17 Mean age: 37 years | Case series | MSM | Oral-anal contact. Casual sexual partners. Living with HIV. |
| Cresswell et al (England)7 | 2015 | n=24 Median age: 43 years Living with HIV: 13 | Case series | MSM | Chem-sex. Concomitant STIs. Living with HIV. Condomless anal sex. |
| Braam et al (The Netherlands)10 | 2022 | n=13/389 had shigella Median age=32 years | Cross-sectional study | MSM | HIV-negative MSM using or having used PrEP. |
PrEP, pre-exposure prophylaxis.