Sociodemographic characteristics and health-related factors associated with unmet STI/HIV testing need since COVID-19-related social restrictions lifted in the UK (early August–November/December 2021) reported by GBMSM participating in 2021 RiiSH-COVID survey
| Unmet need for STI testing | Unmet need for HIV testing | |||||
| % (n) | uOR (95% CI; p value) | aOR (95% CI; p value)* | % (n) | uOR (95% CI; p value) | aOR (95% CI; p value)† | |
| All | 35.7 (371) | – | – | 32.1 (295) | – | – |
| Sociodemographic | ||||||
| Age (years) | 0.012 | 0.041 | 0.010 | 0.014 | ||
| 16–29 | 30.4 (69) | 1 | 1 | 24.9 (55) | 1 | 1 |
| 30–44 | 33.2 (128) | 1.14 (0.80–1.62) | 1.05 (0.73–1.51) | 31.5 (105) | 1.39 (0.95–2.04) | 1.39 (0.94–2.06) |
| 45 and over | 40.9 (174) | 1.59 (1.13–2.24) | 1.45 (1.02–2.07) | 37.0 (135) | 1.77 (1.22–2.57) | 1.77 (1.20–2.59) |
| Sexual identity | 0.383 | 0.384 | 0.061 | 0.274 | ||
| Gay | 35.1 (295) | 1 | 1 | 30.7 (225) | 1 | 1 |
| Bisexual‡ | 38.4 (76) | 1.15 (0.84–1.59) | 1.16 (0.83–1.63) | 37.9 (69) | 1.38 (0.98–1.94) | 1.22 (0.86–1.73) |
| Gender identity | 0.028 | 0.034 | 0.188 | 0.177 | ||
| Cisgender male | 36.4 (362) | 1 | 1 | 32.5 (286) | 1 | 1 |
| All other gender groups§ | 20.0 (9) | 0.44 (0.21–0.92) | 0.44 (0.21–0.94) | 22.5 (9) | 0.60 (0.28–1.28) | 0.59 (0.27–1.27) |
| Ethnicity | 0.731 | 0.108 | 0.899 | 0.263 | ||
| White | 35.5 (325) | 1 | 1 | 32.2 (259) | 1 | 1 |
| All other ethnic groups¶ | 37.1 (46) | 1.07 (0.73–1.58) | 1.41 (0.93–2.13) | 31.6 (36) | 0.97 (0.64–1.48) | 1.30 (0.82–2.04) |
| Born in the UK | 0.981 | 0.389 | 0.150 | 0.637 | ||
| Yes | 35.7 (283) | 1 | 1 | 33.3 (234) | 1 | 1 |
| No | 35.8 (88) | 1.00 (0.74–1.35) | 1.15 (0.84–1.57) | 28.1 (61) | 0.78 (0.56–1.09) | 0.92 (0.64–1.31) |
| Residing in England | 0.918 | 0.986 | 0.412 | 0.261 | ||
| Yes | 35.8 (318) | 1 | 1 | 32.7 (253) | 1 | 1 |
| No | 35.3 (53) | 0.98 (0.68–1.41) | 1.00 (0.69–1.46) | 29.2 (42) | 0.85 (0.58–1.25) | 0.79 (0.53–1.19) |
| Highest educational qualification | 0.727 | 0.599 | 0.137 | 0.561 | ||
| Degree or higher | 35.3 (208) | 1 | 1 | 30.2 (162) | 1 | 1 |
| Below degree | 36.3 (163) | 1.05 (0.81–1.35) | 0.93 (0.71–1.22) | 34.8 (133) | 1.24 (0.93–1.64) | 1.09 (0.81–1.46) |
| Health-related factors | ||||||
| HIV status | 0.708 | 0.031 | ||||
| Negative/unknown | 35.9 (330) | 1 | 1 | – | – | – |
| Positive | 34.2 (41) | 0.93 (0.62–1.38) | 0.63 (0.42–0.96) | – | – | – |
| PrEP use (in the lookback) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| No | 42.2 (315) | 1 | 1 | 40.7 (255) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 19.1 (56) | 0.32 (0.23–0.45) | 0.32 (0.23–0.45) | 13.7 (40) | 0.23 (0.16–0.33) | 0.23 (0.16–0.33) |
| Life satisfaction level | 0.492 | 0.595 | 0.342 | 0.530 | ||
| Medium–very high | 35.3 (302) | 1 | 1 | 31.4 (237) | 1 | 1 |
| Low | 38.0 (68) | 1.12 (0.81–1.57) | 1.10 (0.78–1.55) | 35.2 (56) | 1.19 (0.83–1.71) | 1.13 (0.78–1.64) |
*Adjusted for age, gender identity and PrEP use.
†Adjusted for age and PrEP use.
‡Including: bisexual (n=145), straight (n=6), other (n=47).
§Including: trans man (n=16), trans woman (n=3), other gender identities (n=26).
¶Including: black (n=16), Asian (n=58), mixed or other ethnic identities (n=50).
aOR, adjusted OR; GBMSM, gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men; PrEP, pre-exposure prophylaxis; RiiSH, Reducing inequalities in Sexual Health; STI, sexually transmitted infection; uOR, unadjusted OR.