Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The role of cytokines in prostatitis

  • Topic Paper
  • Published:
World Journal of Urology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

There is substantiating evidence to support the role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS). Inflammation of the prostate is mediated through the cytokine-induced expression of several factors such as chemokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2. The balance between the effects of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines determines the outcome of the inflammatory process. Several proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines have been identified in CPPS patients, their roles characterized, and their inter-relationships defined. Study of this system will provide further insights into the etiology of CP/CPPS, and lead the way for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for this morbid condition.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Alexander RB (2001) Immunology and prostatitis, from highlights of the third annual International Prostatitis Collaborative Network Meeting. Rev Urol 3:95–96

    Google Scholar 

  2. Alexander RB, Trissel D (1996) Chronic prostatitis: results of an Internet survey. Urology 48:568–574

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Alexander RB, Ponniah S, Hasday J, Hebel JR (1998) Elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the semen of patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Urology 52:744–749

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Arai K, Lee F, Miyajima A, Miyatake S, Arai N, Yokota T (1990) Cytokines: coordinators of immune and inflammatory responses. Annu Rev Biochem 59:783–836

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Baert FJ, D'Haens GR, Peeters M (1999) Tumor necrosis factor alpha antibody (infliximab) therapy profoundly downregulates the inflammation in Crohn's ileocolitis. Gastroenterology 116:22–28

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Baggiolini M, Walz A, Kunkel SL (1989) Neutrophil-activating peptide-1/interleukin 8, a novel cytokine that activates neutrophils. J Clin Invest 84:1045–1049

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Charles P, Elliott MJ, Davis D (1999) Regulation of cytokines, cytokine inhibitors, and acute-phase proteins following anti-TNF-alpha therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. J Immunol 163:1521–1528

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Collins MM, O'Leary MP, Litwin MS, Calhoun EA, Kusek JW, Santanna J, Landis JR (2000) Quality of life is impaired in men with chronic prostatitis: results from the NIH cohort study. J Urol 163 (Suppl):23

    Google Scholar 

  9. Collins MM, Stafford RS, O'Leary MP, Barry MJ (1998) How common is prostatitis? A national survey of physician visits. J Urol 159:1224–1228

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. De la Rosette JJ, Hubregtse MR, Meuleman EJ, Stolk-Engelaar MV, Debruyne FM (1993) Diagnosis and treatment of 409 patients with prostatitis syndromes. Urology 41:301–307

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Dinarello CA (2000) Proinflammatory cytokines. Chest 118: 503–508

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Fishman D, Faulds G, Jeffery R, Mohamed-Ali V, Yudkin JS, Humphries S (1998) The effect of novel polymorphisms in the IL-6 gene on IL-6 transcription and plasma IL-6 levels, and an association with systemic-onset juvenile chronic arthritis. J Clin Invest 102:1369

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Hahn EL, He L, Gamelli RL (2000) Prostaglandin E2 synthesis and metabolism in burn injury and trauma. J Trauma 49:1147–1154

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Halloran MM, Woods JM, Strieter RM (1999) The role of an epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide-78-like protein in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis. J Immunol 162:7492–7500

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Hochreiter WW, Nadler RB, Koch AE, Campbell PL, Ludwig M, Weidner W, Schaeffer AJ (2000) Evaluation of the cytokines interleukin 8 and epithelial neutrophil activating peptide 78 as indicators of inflammation in prostatic secretions. Urology 56:1025–1029

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Kaijzel EL, Brinkman BM, van Krugten MV, Smith L, Huizinga TW, Verjans GM (1999) Polymorphism within the tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter region in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Hum Immunol 60:140

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Koch AE, Kunkel SL, Harlow LA (1994) Epithelial neutrophil activating peptide-78: a novel chemotactic cytokine for neutrophils in arthritis. J Clin Invest 94:1012–1018

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kornman KS, Pankow J, Offenbacher S, Beck J, diGiovine, F, Duff GW (1999) Interleukin-1 genotypes and the association between periodontitis and cardiovascular disease. J Periodontal Res 34:353

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Koss K, Satsangi J, Fanning GC, Welsh KI, Jewell DP (2000) Cytokine (TNF-alpha, LT-alpha and IL-10) polymorphisms in inflammatory bowel diseases and normal controls: differential effects on production and allele frequencies. Genes Immun 1:185

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Litwin MS, Collins MM, Fowler FJ, Nickel JC, Calhoun EA, Pontari MA (1999) The National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index: development and validation of a new outcome measure. J Urol 162:369–375

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Miller LJ, Fischer KA, Goralnick SJ, Litt M, Burleson JA, Albertsen P, Kreutzer DL (2002) Interleukin-10 levels in seminal plasma: implications for chronic prostatitis-chronic pelvic pain syndrome. J Urol 167:753–756

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Mitchell SA, Grove J, Spurkland A, Boberg KM, Fleming KA, Day CP (2001) Association of the tumour necrosis factor alpha-308 but not the interleukin 10-627 promoter polymorphism with genetic susceptibility to primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut 49:288

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Moffatt MF, Cookson WO (1997) Tumour necrosis factor haplotypes and asthma. Hum Mol Genet 6:551

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Advisory Board (1990) Long-range plan window in the 21st century. United States Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda

  25. Nadler RB, Koch AE, Calhoun EA, Campbell PL, Pruden DL, Bennett CL, Yarnold PR, Schaeffer AJ (2000) IL-1-[beta] and TNF-[alpha] in prostatic secretions are indicators in the evaluation of men with chronic prostatitis. J Urol 164:214–218

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Nickel JC (2002) Prostatitis and related conditions. In: Walsh PC, Retik AB, Vaughan ED, Wein AJ (eds) Campbell's urology, vol 1. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 603–630

  27. Nickel JC, Nyberg LM, Hennenfent M, International Prostatitis Collaborative Network (1999) Research guidelines for chronic prostatitis: consensus report from the first National Institutes of Health International Prostatitis Collaborative Network. Urology 54: 229–233

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Norman J (1998) The role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. Am J Surg 175: 76–83

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Opal, SM, DePalo VA (2000) Anti-inflammatory cytokines. Chest 117:1162–1172

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Raeburn CD, Sheppard F, Barsness KA, Arya J, Harken AH (2002) Cytokines for surgeons. Am J Surg 183:268–273

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Rogers J (2000) An IL-1 alpha susceptibility polymorphism in Alzheimer's disease: new fuel for the inflammation hypothesis. Neurology 55:464

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Schaeffer AJ, Landis JR, Knauss JS, Propert KJ, Alexander RB, Litwin MS, Nickel JC, O'Leary MP, Nadler RB, Pontari MA, Shoskes DA, Zeitlin SI, Fowler JE, Mazurick CA, Kishel L, Kusek JW, Nyberg LM, CPCRN (2002) Demographic and clinical characteristics of men with chronic prostatitis: the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Cohort Study. J Urol 168:593–598

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Schaeffer AJ, Knauss JS, Landis JR, Propert KJ, Alexander RB, Litwin MS, Nickel JC, O'Leary MP, Nadler RB, Pontari MA, Shoskes DA, Zeitlin SI, Fowler JE, Mazurick CA, Kusek JW, Nyberg LM, Chronic Prostatitis Collaborative Research Network (2002) Leukocyte and bacterial counts do not correlate with severity of symptoms in men with chronic prostatitis: the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Cohort Study. J Urol 168:1048–1053

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Shahed AR, Shoskes DA (2001) Correlation of [beta]-endorphin and prostaglandin E2 levels in prostatic fluid of patients with chronic prostatitis with diagnosis and treatment response. J Urol 166:1738–1741

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Shoskes DA, Albakri Q, Thomas K, Cook D (2002) Cytokine polymorphisms in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: association with diagnosis and treatment response. J Urol 168:331–335

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. True LD, Berger RE, Rothman I, Ross SO, Krieger JN (1999) Prostate histopathology and the chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a prospective biopsy study. J Urol 162:2014–2018

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Wenninger K, Heiman JR, Rothman I, Berghuis JP, Berger RE (1996) Sickness impact of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis and its correlates. J Urol 155:965–968

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Zlotnik A, Yoshie O (2000) Chemokines: a new classification system and their role in immunity. Immunity 12:121–127

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology, Northwestern University Medical School, Tarry 11-715, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611-3008, USA

    Thomas L. Jang & Anthony J. Schaeffer

Authors
  1. Thomas L. Jang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anthony J. Schaeffer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Jang, T.L., Schaeffer, A.J. The role of cytokines in prostatitis. World J Urol 21, 95–99 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-003-0335-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-003-0335-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation