Diagnosis of hepatitis B infections and monitoring of treatment
Section snippets
Serologic diagnosis of HBV infections
The laboratory diagnosis of HBV infections is complicated by the rich antigenic structure, extensive use of molecular biology techniques for nucleic acid determination and potential for chronic infections. Over the genome of partially double-stranded HBV composed of 3200 nucleotides, four open reading frame (ORF) have been identified: S, C, X and P regions. This four gene regions are not placed separately in HBV–DNA; on the contrary, HBV genes are integrated and on starting reading formulation
Molecular diagnosis of HBV infections
The adaptation of molecular techniques to HBV has proven to be of great utility in the diagnosis of infection as well as in monitoring during treatment. HBV–DNA is detectable in serum prior to biochemical evidence of hepatitis and persists through the course of both acute and chronic disease.
In HBV–DNA examinations, it is possible to show 0.1–1 pg HBV–DNA or 105 viral particles per ml by classical hybridization techniques performed in solid phase like nitrocellulose membranes (Dot-blot) or
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