Immune responses to human papillomavirus
Section snippets
Introduction to host immunity
The world is a dangerous place in which Homo sapiens must continuously utilize sophisticated, flexible, and lethal defenses to rebuff the massed regiments of viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotic parasites. Host defense is a partnership between innate immunity (phagocytes, soluble proteins [e.g., cytokines, complement, and epithelial barriers]) and adaptive immunity (antibody, cytotoxic effector cells). The innate immune system detects the pathogen and acts as the first line of defense, clearing
The infectious cycle
The papillomaviruses are ubiquitous infectious agents that are characterized by strict species specificity and tissue tropism. The infectious cycle of these viruses is tailored to the differentiation program of the target cell. Different phases of permissive viral growth accompany the maturation of the keratinocyte as it progresses up the epithelium to become a terminally differentiated squame (Fig. 1). Infection and vegetative viral growth are absolutely dependent upon a complete program of
Immune intervention in HPV infections
Despite HPV's ability to impede host defenses, a successful immune response to genital HPV infections is established in most cases. This seems to be characterized by strong, local, cell-mediated immunity that is associated with lesion regression and the generation of serum neutralizing antibody. Such antibody is generated in most, but not all, infected individuals [34], [35], [36], and is directed against conformational epitope(s) on the L1 protein displayed on the outer surface of the intact
Summary
HPV infection of the genital tract is common in young sexually active individuals, the majority of whom clear the infection without overt clinical disease. Most of those who develop benign lesions eventually mount an effective cell-mediated immune response that results in lesion regression. Regression of anogenital warts is accompanied histologically by a CD4+ T cell-dominated Th1 response, and data from animal models suggest that the response is modulated by CD4+ T cell-dependent mechanisms.
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2022, Seminars in Oncology NursingCitation Excerpt :Intact HPV particles contain 360 copies of the L1 gene product on their capsid.22,25 This L1 protein forms a type-dependent epitope and should be recognized through Langerhans cells, which are the antigen-presenting cells of squamous epithelia.25 These antigen-presenting cells should present antigens to T-lymphocytes, which finally generate serum neutralizing antibodies.22,25
Factors associated with human papillomavirus persistence after loop electrosurgical excision procedure in patients with cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion
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