ReviewCountry recommendations on the inclusion of HPV vaccines in national immunization programmes among high-income countries, June 2006–January 2008
Section snippets
Background
Two vaccines to prevent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection have recently been licensed in many countries to provide protection against cervical cancer and cervical cancer precursors. The bivalent vaccine, Cervarix® (GSK), has been demonstrated, in a published interim analysis of a phase III clinical trial, to have efficacy of >90% against persistent infection with the most common high-risk, oncogenic HPV types 16 and 18 that cause about 70% of cervical cancer worldwide [1]. This vaccine has
Methods
We collected data from health ministry websites, government and corporate press releases, WHO documents and regional offices, national regulatory bodies (NRAs) and international vaccine experts from June 2006 (after HPV vaccines were first licensed) through January 2008. We restricted our analysis to formal country recommendations that had been finalized by national health authorities by January 2008.
All of the documents collected were reviewed by at least two of the authors. After this initial
Results
A total of 15 countries: 2 in North America, 12 in Western Europe, and Australia, had issued formal recommendations or delivery and finance plans about HPV vaccines by January 2008 (Table 1). All of these countries are wealthy and have well-developed health systems and national immunization policies or programmes. All of them have organized or opportunistic cervical cancer screening programs with moderate or high population coverage (above 50% of eligible women) and consequently, they have a
Summary
This analysis reveals a fairly strong consensus among recommendations in these 15 high-income countries regarding assessment of vaccine safety and efficacy, selection of primary target populations for vaccination, policies for vaccinating males, vaccine delivery/administration strategies, and guidelines for long-term monitoring. Most recommendations propose to rely on existing delivery and financing mechanisms, including school-based programs. Many countries emphasize the need for continued
Acknowledgements
We thank James Cheyne of PATH, and Nathalie Broutet, Caitlin Wetzel, Maria Mackroth, Neddy Mafunga, and Maggie Ndowa, World Health Organization, for assistance in identifying source documents.
References (64)
Efficacy of a prophylactic adjuvanted bivalent L1 virus-like-particle vaccine against infection with human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in young women: an interim analysis of a phase III double-blind, randomized controlled trial
Lancet
(2007)- et al.
HPV vaccine introduction in industrialized countries
Vaccine
(2006) - et al.
Research needs following initial licensure of virus-like particle HPV vaccines
Vaccine
(2006) - et al.
Prevention and control of viral hepatitis through adolescent health programmes in Europe
Vaccine
(2007) Immunization of early adolescent females with human papillomavirus type 16 and 18 L1 virus-like particle vaccine containing AS04 adjuvant
J Adolesc Health
(2007)- et al.
HPV vaccine use in the developing world
Vaccine
(2006) - et al.
Human papillomavirus type distribution in invasive cervical cancer and high-grade cervical lesions: a meta-analysis update
Int J Cancer
(2007) - et al.
Females united to unilaterally reduce endo/ectocervical disease (FUTURE) I Investigators. Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent anogenital diseases
N Engl J Med
(2007) Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent high-grade cervical lesions
N Engl J Med
(2007)Effect of human papillomavirus 16/18 L1 viruslike particle vaccine among young women with preexisting infection: a randomized trial
JAMA
(2007)
HPV and cervical cancer in the World, 2007 Report
Vaccine
Comparison of the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a prophylactic quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) L1 virus-like particle vaccine in male and female adolescents and young adult women
Pediatrics
Cited by (74)
Knowledge, awareness and prevalence of Human Papillomavirus among local University students and Healthcare workers in South India: A cross-sectional study
2021, Clinical Epidemiology and Global HealthCitation Excerpt :The epidemiological studies have indicated a gradual decrease in the HPV associated cancers since the inception of HPV vaccines. Many countries have included the highly effective and safe HPV vaccines into their national immunization scheme after the recommendations from the World Health Organization.9–11 However in India, the HPV vaccine is available only in the private sector and few state government hospitals tied up with certain NGOs.12
Papillomavirus vaccine coverage and its determinants in South-Eastern France
2013, Medecine et Maladies InfectieusesCitation Excerpt :VC is positively associated with the level of education, and lower in families with unemployed parents, in Greece, where HPV vaccination is free [21]. But, the initiation of vaccination is more frequent for girls living below the threshold of poverty [23] in the USA, where programs specifically target low-income families [22]. The cost of the vaccine cannot be the only reason explaining the lower VC in CMUc beneficiaries in France, since the vaccine is completely reimbursed for these girls.
Introduction of human papillomavirus vaccination in Nordic countries
2012, VaccineCitation Excerpt :Generally, the HPV vaccination debate in Nordic countries suggested the presence of many interests and stakeholders influencing not only each other, but ultimately also the health authorities and politicians deciding on HPV vaccination. A total of 18 European countries as well as Australia, New Zealand, USA, Canada and some low- and middle-income countries have introduced HPV vaccination [47,104,105]. Only about half of the European countries introduced catch-up programs [47].
The role of organization of care in GPs' prevention practice
2021, Primary Health Care Research and Development
- 1
Tel.: +41 22 791 2644.