Observational epidemiological studies are prone to confounding, reverse causation and
various biases and have generated findings that have proved to be unreliable indicators of …

Making sense of rapidly evolving evidence on genetic associations is crucial to making
genuine advances in human genomics and the eventual integration of this information in the …

Mendelian randomization (MR) is a term that applies to the use of genetic variation to
address causal questions about how modifiable exposures influence different outcomes …

Results from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) can be used to infer causal
relationships between phenotypes, using a strategy known as 2-sample Mendelian …

Blood pressure is a heritable trait influenced by several biological pathways and responsive
to environmental stimuli. Over one billion people worldwide have hypertension (≥ 140 mm …

To identify genetic variants influencing plasma lipid concentrations, we first used genotype
imputation and meta-analysis to combine three genome-wide scans totaling 8,816 …

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heritable and heterogeneous group of
neurodevelopmental phenotypes diagnosed in more than 1% of children. Common genetic …

Abstract Background: The number of Mendelian randomization analyses including large
numbers of genetic variants is rapidly increasing. This is due to the proliferation of genome …

Numerous observational studies have attempted to identify risk factors for infection with
SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 disease outcomes. Studies have used datasets sampled from …

Associations between modifiable exposures and disease seen in observational
epidemiology are sometimes confounded and thus misleading, despite our best efforts to …