We investigated the expression of a panel of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their functions in
human eosinophils. Eosinophils constitutively expressed TLR1, TLR4, TLR7, TLR9, and …

Bacillus anthracis infects hosts as a spore, germinates, and disseminates in its vegetative
form. Production of anthrax lethal and edema toxins following bacterial outgrowth results in …

The mechanisms by which lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is recognized, and how such
recognition leads to innate immune responses, are poorly understood. Stimulation with LPS …

Background Bacillus cereus is one of the pathogens causing nosocomial bloodstream
infections (BSIs). However, few reports have documented the antimicrobial susceptibility and …

Bacillus anthracis kills through a combination of bacterial infection and toxemia. Anthrax
toxin working via the CMG2 receptor mediates lethality late in infection, but its roles early in …

The molecular mechanisms by which pathogen-associated molecular patterns recognized
by TLR2, such as peptidoglycan (PGN), induce homotolerance are largely unknown. It was …

AIMS: Clostridium difficile is an important pathogen in nosocomial infections. Although C.
difficile toxins are considered to be major virulence factors, pathogenesis of C. difficile …

Kodamaea ohmeri is a rare yeast pathogen that has recently emerged as an important
cause of fungemia in immunocompromised patients. However, appropriate therapy for this …

Background A heterogeneous clinical phenotype is a characteristic of coronavirus disease
2019 (COVID‐19). Therefore, investigating biomarkers associated with disease severity is …

Introduction This study aimed to compare the clinical characteristics and prognoses of
central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infections (CVC-BSIs) with peripheral …